INTRODUCTION:

Natural world has gifted us with number of herbs having mystical dragging properties that are used widely in many ailments. The utilization of herbs and medicinal plants as first medicines is a universal phenomenon. Now a day, as much as 80% of the world's population are totally depends on traditional medicine as a primary health care need. Ayurveda is an important system of healing that originated in India from thousands of year ago. Herbal blend or formulations combine to give the benefits of multiple herbs, which isgenerally produce a synergistic action while decreases the potential toxic effects of a single herb. Herbs provide unique qualities that are very restricted in conventional medicine, mainly anti-cancer, anti-viral as well as immunoregulation properties. Herbs are the excellent alternatives to the antibiotics in the treatment of various infectious diseases, antibacterial effects and various antifungal and antiviral actions. Various herbal formulations serve as detoxification agents, antioxidants and anti-cancer therapies. The current work objectives are to investigate indigenous plants used as protective against cognitive dysfunction in our country [1]. We here reported our opinion related to cognitive dysfunction activities of the plant Calotropis gigantean [2].

CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA PLANT NAME IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGE:

Hindi : Gauri akavana, aka,

English : Madar

Sanskrit: Svetarka

Malayalam: Vella Erukku

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES:

Rasa : Katu, Tikta

Guna: Lakhu, Rooksha, Teekshna, Sara

Virya: Ushna

CLASSIFICATION OF CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA:

Kingdom: Plantae

Sub-kingdom: Tracheobionta

Super division: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Asteridae

Order: Gentianales

Family: Asclepiadaceae

Genus: Calotropis

Species: gigantea

DISTRIBUTION:

Calotropis gigantea is a large shrub growing upto 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are white or lavender in colour. Stamens are hold by the small elegant crown that are arising from the centre of the flowers having five pointed petals. The aestivation found in plant is valvate that is sepals or petals in a whorl are just touch one another at margin, without overlapping. The plant has oval, light green leaves as well as milky stem. The latex of Calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids and calcium oxalate in different concentration[3].

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:

Calotropis giganteais a whole plant, which is fond all over the India, which grows upto an altitude of 900m and it is found in Andaman. Also, found in dry waste places commonly called as mudar in English. It occurs throughout India from Punjab and Rajasthan in the north to Kanniya Kumari in the south, extendinto West Bengal and Assam in the East [4]. Calotropis gigantea is a common wasteland weed. The commonly known as giant milkweed. This plant was native from Bangladesh, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka. This plant is consistently available in India. It used for many treatment purposes in all traditional medicinal system from ancient time [5].

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT:

The root bark contains chemical constituent α-amyrin, β-amyrin, taraxasterol and its ψ-isomer taraxasteryl isovalerate, taraxasteryl acetate,isogiganteol, β-sitosterol, gigantin, giganteol, and also wax. Root parts contains cardiac glycosides, seven oxypregnane-oligoglycosides, calotroposides A to G. Latex contains akundarin, 0.45% uscharin, 0.15% calactin, 0.15% calotoxin, α βcalotropeol, β-amyrin. Latex consist of glutathione or proteoclstic enzyme. In 1980, Sinha and pal had isolated the crystals and studied the properties of Calotropins D1, D2 from Calotropis gigantea. The new oligoglycosides and oxypregnane called as Calotropis A and B have been isolated from the Calotropisgigantea root. Calotropis gigantea parts of plant contain following constituent in which 23.38% ash, water-soluble extractive 33.38% acid insoluble ash 5.08%, and alcohol soluble extractive 6.66%. [6-10].

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:

NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Predictable Phytoconstituents of Calotropis gigantea (L.). The present study has been envisaged to examine Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand for Neuropharmacological activities. The powder of the plant was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus successively by using solvents in order of increasing polarity- petroleum ether (60-80ºC), chloroform, and methanol. Ethyl acetate portion was producing by partitioning methanol extract and ethyl acetate [11].

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY:

Calotropis gigantea is an ordinary wasteland weed and identified for different medicinal properties. The aspire of the present study was to screen leaves of Calotropis gigantea for the antimicrobial activity beside clinical isolates of bacteria. The aqueous extract was studied and usedfor activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, M. luteus and K. pneumoniae. In vitro antimicrobial action was performing by well diffusion method. The extract showed significant effect on tested organisms. The extract showed maximal zone of inhibition beside E. colibacteria [12].

CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY:

Evaluated various concentrations of ethanolic extract of the roots of Calotropis gigantea Linn were using for the cytotoxic action by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay or Allium cepa root meristem models. The ethanolic root extract of Calotropis gigantea exhibits potent cytotoxic property analogous to the quality drug. Hence, this may be utilized for the progress of novel anticancer drug leads [13].

ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY:

Evaluation of the possible antitumor effect of methanolic extract of root bark of Calotropis gigantea as well as its petroleum ether, chloroform soluble fractions performed against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice. The effects of methanolic extract, petroleum ether and chloroform on the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and life span of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice was studied. In that estimation of Haematological profile and also biochemical parameters. Methanol extract of root bark of Calotropis giganteaand its chloroform soluble fraction shows significant antitumor activity. In vivo study was showing a significant reduction in the viable tumour cell count and a significant enhancement of life span in the both methanol and chloroform extracts treated group compared to untreat one [14].

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY:

Evaluated Hepatoprotective action of alcoholic extract of Calotropis gigantean root bark. The suspension of alcoholic extract of plant Calotropis gigantea root bark in 0.6% carboxyl methylcellulose. Alcoholic extract root bark of the plant Calotropis gigantea exhibited a significant guard effect by normalizing the levels of aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase alanine amino transferase, which were significantly greater than before in rats by treatment with D-galactose amine [15].

ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY:

The anti-diarrhoeal action of hydro alcoholic extract of all aerial part of Calotropis gigantea was studied beside castor oil-induced-diarrhea replica in rats. The gastrointestinal transport rate was spoken as the percentage of the longest space traversed by the charcoal alienated by the complete length of the small intestine. The weight and volume of intestinal satisfied produced by castor oil were studied by enter pooling method type. Like atropine there were important reductions in fecal output and incidence of droppings when the plant extracts were administer intraperitoneally compared with castor oil cure the rats. All doses of the plant extract also significantly slow down the castor oil induced enter pooling and intestinal abolish. Significantly inhibited weight and volume of intestinal satisfied. The antidiarrheal action of Calotropis gigantea extract against castor oil-produced diarrhea model attests to its effectiveness in a various range of diarrhoeal steps [16].

ACTIVITY ON PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS:

The aqueous, ethanol or ethanol extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves, apical buds and flowers were ready to used study the effect of Calotropis gigantea extracts on growth and continued survival dynamics of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Xanthomonas campest is. Microbial enlargement and survival dynamic profiles in the presence of solvent extracts in potage cultures were obtained and in most of the cases, the flowers and apical buds extract have also exposed the maximal growth reduction in adding to the leaves, but in some cases, growth was quick and accelerated than the control growth curves. Calotropis gigantea containing active metabolites such as protease inhibitors, 18, 20-epoxy-cardenolides, constitutive α-amylase inhibitors, lectins, antho-cyanins, mudarin, calactin, calotropin, non-protein amino acids, etc. may be the ones accountable for the obtained growth and continued existence dynamics in microbial broth culture. Over all the study has provided the potential of Calotropis gigantea as a foundation for biopesticides and future antibiotics [17].

THERAPEUTIC USES:

The root bark of Calotropis gigantean appears as Ipecac in its action and it is substitute for it. In low doses, the root bark is diaphoretic and expectorant. It can act as a mild stimulant and given with carminatives in dyspepsia. It is also useful in leprosy and eczema. The powder form of root bark was gives for relief in diarrhea and dysentery. It is also used in cough, asthma and febrifuge. In the homeopathic system of medicine, it is accounted to be useful in the elephantiasis, lupus and chronic rheumatism. The ethanolic (50%) extract of root show anti-cancer activity [18].

CONCLUSION:

The Calotropis gigantea is commonly distributed in our country belongs to Family Asclepiadaceae, commonly called as Madar in Hindi. It is a perennial herb with a very long history of use in traditional medicines. This review has listening carefully on the Pharmacological activity and phytochemical study of this plant. Pharmacological activity includes Neuropharmacological activity, Antibacterial activity Antidiarrheal activity, Anticonvulsant and Central nervous system activity, Procoagulant activity, Wound healing activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Cytotoxic activity, Antitumor activity etc. Herbs are an excellent alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, with wider antibacterial effects and also various antifungal and antiviral actions. Some herbal formulations used as detoxification agents, antioxidants, and anti-cancer therapies. Herbs imparts many distinctive qualities, which limits in conventional medication such as anti-viral, anti-cancer and immune regulatory properties.

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Received on 22.11.2020 Modified on 25.07.2021

Research J. Science and Tech. 2021; 13(4):261-264.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2021.00041